US Particle Accelerator School
sponsored by the University of Wisconsin, Madison
to be held in Madison, Wisconsin
Monday June 21 - Friday July 2, 2004
Course Descriptions
Two-week full courses (June 21 - July 2, 2004)
Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics and Technology with Simulations and
Measurements Lab
UWM equivalent of
3 semester hours of undergraduate credit
Linda Spentzouris, IIT and Katherine Harkay, ANL
This course is designed to give an introduction to accelerator physics and
technology, including accelerating methods and beam dynamics. Beginning with a
survey of the most common accelerator types and principle function mechanisms,
we will continue to introduce particle beam dynamics. We will derive formalisms
for particle beam bending and focusing from technical design features of bending
magnets and quadrupoles, including the introduction of orbit, beam emittance,
betatron functions and envelope, dispersion, tunes, natural chromaticity with
its correction and beam stability. In electron accelerators, synchrotron
radiation must be included to properly describe the dynamics of individual
particles and beam. Discussion of beam interaction with accelerating fields will
lead to the understanding of longitudinal motion, synchrotron oscillations and
energy acceptance. Based on this beam dynamics background, the process of
injection and accumulation will be discussed. An introduction to alignment and
field errors will convey a feeling for tolerances and describe beam monitoring,
orbit measurement and correction. We will introduce a special
afternoon program to perform computer simulations of magnets with saturation,
the design of a beam transport system, rf-cavities and ultra-high vacuum
systems. Equipment for actual magnetic field measurements on a bending magnet,
quadrupoles and undulator magnet will be made available. During computer studies
the student will be able to compare simulations with results of real magnet
field measurements. Other equipment allows the measurement of various quantities
on an rf-cavity and comparison with theoretical and computer-simulated results.
Similar exercises will be done with a beam current and position monitor as well
as an introduction to the use of a lock-in amplifier. Prerequisites: a course in mechanics and
electromagnetism. Textbook to be provided: "Particle
Accelerator Physics I&II" by Helmut Wiedemann, Springer publishers.
Accelerator Physics
UWM equivalent of
3 semester hours of graduate credit
Alex Chao and Gennady Stupakov, SLAC
This course is an introduction to the basic physics of high-energy particle
accelerators. Topics include accelerator magnets; single particle transverse and
longitudinal motion; emittance; effects of linear magnet errors; chromatic
effects and their correction; effects of nonlinearities; RF systems; synchrotron
radiation; collective instabilities; and beam-beam interaction. Emphasis will be
given on establishing a firm basic knowledge of the physics of modern
high-energy accelerators. Computer labs will be included in the curriculum with
the aim to consolidate what is taught in classes. Future prospectives of
high-energy accelerators and colliders will also be discussed.
Prerequisites: Electromagnetism and Classical Mechanics. Textbook to be provided: "Handbook
of Accelerator Physics" by Alexander Chao and Maury Tigner, World
Scientific publishers and "Accelerator Physics" by S.Y. Lee,
World Scientific publishers.
Beam Control and Manipulation
UWM equivalent of
3 semester hours of graduate credit
Michiko Minty, DESY and Frank Zimmermann, CERN
In this course we will describe commonly used strategies for the measurement
and control of charged particle beams and the manipulation of their properties.
Emphasis is placed on relativistic beams in linear accelerators and storage
rings. After reviewing beam diagnostics principles, we will discuss basic and
advanced beam control techniques aimed towards improving accelerator performance
and towards meeting the ever more demanding requirements on beam quality
control. These include transverse and longitudinal lattice diagnostics and
matching techniques, orbit correction and steering, and linac emittance
preservation. Other advanced beam measurements, e.g., related to dynamic
aperture and impedance, are considered as well. Techniques for the manipulation
of particle beam properties will also be presented, including bunch length and
energy compression, bunch rotation, bunch splitting, bunch coalescing, bunch
frequency multiplication, changes to the damping partition number in storage
rings, and beam collimation issues. The different procedures will be illustrated
by examples from various accelerators. Special topics include injection and
extraction methods, beam cooling, spin transport, polarization, and the
beam-beam interaction. Prerequisite: a course on accelerator physics.
Textbook to be provided: "Measurement and Control of Charged
Particle Beams" by Michiko Minty and Frank Zimmermann, Springer publishers.
Beam Instrumentation Laboratory at the SRC
UWM equivalent of
3 semester hours of graduate credit
Ken Jacobs, Robert Legg, Mike Fisher and the SRC staff, SRC / University of Wisconsin, Madison
This course is an introduction to the
experimental techniques involved in the measurement of beam and accelerator
properties. It is a combination of lectures to provide the theory and
background for the measurements, followed by actual execution of the
measurements on an operating machine. Topics to be covered include basic
accelerator parameters (tunes, beta functions, dispersion, chromaticity,
coupling, etc.), error determination (closed orbit, focusing), and lattice
correction schemes (model based and model independent correction). There will
also be laboratory exercises in accelerator-related areas such as magnetic
measurements, vacuum systems, and synchrotron radiation. This is a “hands-on”
course, in which the participants will operate the accelerator to take data,
similar to what is often done during accelerator studies and commissioning.
Tools to be used include LOCO, MATLAB, and control system scripting with
Python. Some experience with these is helpful, but not required. Enrollment
is limited. Prerequisites: A basic understanding of accelerator
physics.
Accelerator Power System Engineering
UWM equivalent of
3 semester hours of graduate credit
Paul Bellomo and James Sebek, SLAC / SSRL
An introduction to power conversion equipment and systems for high-energy
particle accelerators will be presented. Typical types of power conversion
equipment used in accelerators including high voltage and high power DC and
pulsed power supplies, modulators and fast kicker pulsers, medium power
thyristor and switchmode converters and low power bipolar trim supplies will be
covered. The advantages and limitations of different topologies including
performance and cost considerations will be described. The matching of power
supplies to typical application circuits, such as magnets, kickers,
pulse-forming networks, etc., and the merits and performance of the integrated
systems will be discussed. Basic feedback control system designs and
implementations for current and voltage regulation will be presented. Power line
considerations, power factor, harmonics and system impedance effects will also
be covered. Machine and personnel protection interlocks, strategies for
electromagnetic compatibility, reliability analysis and overall performance of
power conversion equipment will be discussed. The course will tend towards
qualitative descriptions and concepts rather than elaborate analysis.
Participation in class discussions, a computer laboratory and homework to
enhance concept understanding will be required. Prerequisites: A
fundamental understanding of electrical and electronics technology and
mathematical knowledge through basic calculus.
Textbook to be provided: "Introduction to Power Electronics"
by David W. Hart, Prentice Hall publishers.
One-week half courses (June 21-25, 2004)
Students must take one course each
week to earn credit from the University of Wisconsin, Madison
The SNS - I, Front End and Linac
UWM equivalent of 1.5 semester hours of graduate credit
Thomas Wangler and James Billen , LANL and Roderich Keller,
LBNL
This course presents the basic principles of high-power proton linear
accelerator systems with specific application to the SNS linac. Topics will
include the DC injector, RF acceleration, normal-mode characteristics of coupled
cavities, dispersion curves, and cavity figures of merit such as transit-time
factor and shunt impedance. The principles of operation of the linear
accelerating structures in the SNS linac will be presented, including the RFQ,
the drift-tube linac, the coupled-cavity linac, and superconducting cavities. We
will treat focusing and defocusing effect, and the longitudinal and transverse
beam dynamics. We will discuss high-intensity linac effects including
space-charge forces and emittance growth. Assigned problems will correspond to
the parameters of the SNS linac. Prerequisites: undergraduate
courses in Classical Mechanics and Electromagnetic Theory or the equivalent.
Textbook to be provided: "Principles of RF Linear Accelerators" by
Thomas P. Wangler, John Wiley & Sons publishers.
Principles of Cryogenic Engineering
UWM equivalent of 1.5 semester hours of graduate
credit
Steven Van Sciver, NHMFL / Florida State University and
John Pfotenhauer, ASC / University of Wisconsin, Madison
This is an introductory (graduate-level) course in the principles and
practices of cryogenic engineering. Topics to be covered include:
properties of materials commonly used in cryogenic systems; properties of
cryogenic fluids including unique characteristics of liquid helium and hydrogen;
cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics; large-scale and cryocooler systems
for refrigeration and liquefaction; elements of cryogenic system design; and
safe storage and transfer of cryogenics fluids. The practical element of the
course will consist of application of the principles and theory to the design of
cryogenic systems. Specific examples to be discussed will include: Design of low
heat leak structural supports, thermal mass considerations, thermal insulation
systems, liquefaction/refrigeration of cryogens, storage of cryogens, cryogenic
heat exchangers, instrumentation for cryogenics and uncertainty in temperature
measurement. The course format will consist of lectures in the morning on
theory and practice of cryogenic engineering. Afternoon sessions will be devoted
to practical application of these principles through example, demonstration and
in-class work. Prerequisites: An understanding of the basic principles
of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer will be assumed. Course
material: No textbook will be required for the course. However, notes
and copies of viewgraph materials will be provided in pdf. format.
MATLAB and Accelerator Physics *[this course has
been cancelled]
UWM equivalent of 1.5 semester hours of graduate credit
Andrei Terebilo, SLAC / SSRL
Many common problems in accelerator physics can be formulated in matrix
notation and analyzed using linear algebra tools. Problems of this kind
are ideally suitable for solving with MATLAB. The course will give a brief
(one-day) introduction of the tools available in MATLAB and the possibilities
for bringing the accelerator simulation data into MATLAB: formatting the input
and reading the output of accelerator codes or performing the simulation in
MATLAB using Accelerator Toolbox framework. Then the course will
concentrate on a few practical examples from the physics of storage rings. The
examples will include: closed obit control, linear optics correction, and
transverse coupling analysis. They will use as inputs, the real measured
data sets as well as
numerical simulations. Prerequisites: graduate courses in accelerator
physics, linear algebra, and numerical methods. Some exposure to
accelerator modeling codes is beneficial.
Radiation Physics, Regulation and Management
UWM equivalent of 1.5 semester hours of graduate
credit
J. Donald Cossairt, FNAL and Sayed Rokni, SLAC
Radiation physics for personnel and environmental protection at accelerators
will be presented in this course. The composition of accelerator radiation
fields for electron, proton, and ion accelerators at all energies will be
reviewed extensively. Building upon this basic information, the methods of
designing radiation shielding at accelerators will be presented. Specific
attention will be devoted to low-energy neutron phenomena that are found at
nearly all accelerators. The production of induced radioactivity in both
accelerator components and environmental media will be discussed in detail.
A discussion of radiation detection instrumentation that has been found to be
particularly useful in understanding accelerator radiation fields will be
included. Finally, a synopsis of the program elements of a successful
accelerator radiation protection program will be given. The problems that
accompany the course are designed to promote understanding of the theoretical
material, foster the ability to solve problems related to accelerator radiation
physics, and lead to an intuitive comprehension of radiation physics at
accelerators. Prerequisites: Basic undergraduate background in
physical science and a mathematical background at least through first-year
undergraduate calculus.
The American Academy of Health Physics has
awarded 32 Continuing Education Credits for this course for Certified Health
Physicists.
One-week half courses (June 28 - July
2, 2004)
Students must take one course each week to
earn credit from the University of Wisconsin, Madison
The SNS - II, Ring and Transport Systems
UWM equivalent of 1.5 semester hours of graduate
credit
Jie Wei, BNL and Yannis Papaphilippou, ESRF
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is a new-generation, high-power
accelerator complex that delivers a proton beam power above 1 MW for pulsed
neutron applications. The complex consists of a H- ion source and front end, a
superconducting RF linac, a full-energy accumulator ring, and a mercury target.
The SNS accumulator ring and the transport lines are designed to handle a record
intensity of 2 x 10^14 protons at a repetition rate of 60 Hz. This course is to
introduce design principles and procedures, beam physics and technology for this
high-intensity frontier machine. We will start with the design philosophy
and the basic layout and functions of the ring and transport lines. Among
beam dynamics subjects are machine lattice design and aperture selection, beam
loss mechanisms, single-particle topics including kinematic nonlinearity,
sextupole effects, magnetic imperfection and nonlinearity, magnet fringe field,
resonance analysis, dynamic apertures, and multi-particle topics including space
charge, coupling impedance, instabilities, and electron-cloud effects.
Among accelerator system subjects are magnet, power-supply, vacuum, injection,
extraction, collimation, RF, and diagnostics. Finally, we will
review basic beam commissioning procedures. Prerequisites:
Accelerator Fundamentals or Accelerator Physics course.
Textbook to be provided: "AIP Conference Proceeding 642 High
Intensity and High Brightness Hadron Beams: 20th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics
Workshop on High Intensity and High Brightness Hadron Beams" edited by Chou et
al, Springer publishers.
CW & High Brightness Electron Sources
UWM equivalent of 1.5 semester hours of graduate credit
James Rosenzweig, UCLA and Massimo Ferrario, INFN-LNF, Frascati
The creation of intense, low emittance — high
brightness — electron beams is a key enabling technology that makes possible
many of today's most compelling, cutting-edge beam applications, such as
free-electron lasers, and wake-field accelerators. The devices that are used to
create these beams, rf photo injectors and related pulse compressors, have
intricate technical and physical aspects. These characteristics range from
ultra-high field radio-frequency accelerating cavities and picosecond lasers on
the technical side, to the qualitative change of the beam physics to completed
domination of collective field over thermal effects. In this course we will
introduce the analytical methods needed to understand the relevant physical
effects, notably, as longitudinal dynamics in violently accelerating systems,
single component plasma-like transverse beam behavior, and radiative effects in
magnetic-bunching systems. As proper control over these physical effects
requires correct implementation of the technical systems, we will then discuss
the design of rf cavity, laser and magnetic components of electron sources. The
practical use of computer codes that illustrate standard design and simulation
problems will be reviewed. Advanced problems from the field, such as asymmetric
emittance beams for linear colliders, magnetic and velocity bunching, and high
brightness CW superconducting rf photo injectors will be employed to illuminate
the interplay of physics and technology in modern electron sources.
Prerequisites: junior-level electricity and magnetism; classical dynamics.
Storage Ring Modeling and Control *[this
course has been cancelled]
UWM equivalent of 1.5 semester hours of graduate
credit
Jeff Corbett, SLAC / SSRL
The purpose of this course is to develop scaling laws for synchrotron light
source parameters and to build a foundation for storage ring modeling and
control. Live examples in an accelerator simulation environment will be used
during lectures and in the laboratory to demonstrate on-line techniques. The
theoretical portion begins with an overview of single particle motion, a
development of betafunctions, emittance, and the electron beam envelope
equations. The dispersion function, properties of radiation emission and
radiation damping are then used in conjunction with the synchrotron integrals to
derive the basic storage ring parameters. An emphasis is placed on parameter
estimation and scaling laws. We then turn our attention to machine control
including injection, beam-based alignment, closed-orbit control and optics
modeling. Singular-value decomposition of the closed-orbit response matrix is
covered with applications to orbit control theory and simulation. Model
calibration techniques are developed for transport line measurements and the
closed-orbit response matrix. Time permitting, wiggler modeling and the
effects on beam properties are covered. Prerequisites: Some familiarity
with storage ring theory or control room experience. Week one course "MATLAB and Accelerator Physics"
is recommended but not required.
System Safety and Safety Systems for Accelerators
UWM equivalent of 1.5 semester hours of graduate
credit
Kelly Mahoney and Sandra Prior, TJNAF
This course will present material on the specification, design, and analysis
of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety systems for use in the
protection of personnel, equipment, and the environment. Approaches such
as IEC61508, IEC61511 and modern system safety programs will be compared in the
context of accelerator system safety. Basic principles of accelerator
system safety will be presented along with examples of systems in use today.
Systems covered include ionizing radiation interlocks, non-ionizing radiation,
e.g. laser and RF, safety interlocks, access control systems, electrical system
interlocks, machine protection devices, beam abort and blocking devices, and
oxygen deficiency monitoring systems. Topics covered include hazard
analysis, reliability calculations, and high assurance system design. The
course will focus on practical issues such as reliability vs. availability,
software vs. hardware systems, and management of change. The system safety
part of the course will cover statutory and regulatory requirements for safety
in accelerators as well as the development and management of safety systems.
Topics include statutory requirements, safety assessment, OSHA/NRC external
regulation, safety envelopes, and quality assurance. Finally, there is a
discussion of how to approach accelerator hazards not normally mitigated by
safety systems. Prerequisites: Basic undergraduate background
in physical science and a mathematical background at least through first-year
undergraduate calculus.
Press release on previous course. Textbook to be provided:
"Reliability, Maintainability & Risk" by David Smith, Elsevier Science publishers.
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